Architectural presentation-METALS

IRON
ORES:
HAEMATITE (Fe2O3)----65%-70%
LIMONITE (2Fe2O3, 3H2O)----60%
MAGNETITE (Fe3O4)----70%-73%
PYRITE (FeS2)----45%-47%
SIDERITE (FeCO3)----40%

PIG IRON
MANUFACTURE:
DRESSING
· CALCINATION AND ROASTING IN BLAST FURNACE
· SMELTING

· (PIG IRON OBTAINED CONTAINS @ 93 TO 95% OF IRON, @ 4 TO5 %
OF CARBON AND REMAINING BEING SULPHUR, SILICON, MANGANESE,
PHOSPHORUS, ETC. THE SLAG OBTAINED CONTAINS @ 45% OF LIME,
@35% OF SILICA, @ 12% OF ALUMINA AND THE REMAINING BEING
OTHER IMPURITIES SUCH AS MAGNESIA, CALCIUM SULPHATE,
MANGANEESE OXIDE, ETC. SLAG MAY BE USED AS

· IN CEMENT CONCRETE AS COARSE AGGREGATE,
· IN MAKING ROADS AS ROAD METAL,
· IN RAILWAYS AS BALLAST,
· IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BLAST FURNACE CEMENT, ETC.)

· ELECTRIC REDUCTION FURNACE
· LOW SHAFT BLAST FURNACE
· SPONGE IRON PROCESS

TYPES:
· BESSEMER PIG
· GREY PIG
· WHITE IRON
· MOTTLED IRON

PROPERTIES:
CAN BE HARDENED BUT NOT TEMPRED.
CANNOT BE MAGNETISED.
CANNOT BE WELDED OR RIVETED.
DOES NOT RUST.
DIFFICULT TO BEND.
HARD AND BRITTLE.
NEITHER DUCTILE NOR MALLEABLE.
MELTS EASILY & ITS FUSION TEMP. IS 1200OC.
HIGH COMPRESSION STRENGTH. BUT IT IS WEAK IN TENSION & SHEAR.

USES:
MANUFACTURE OF STEEL BY BESSEMER OR ACID OPEN HEARTH PROCESS.
· CAST IRON CASTING.
· MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT IRON.
· ORNAMENTAL CASTINGS &HEAVY FOUNDRY CASTINGS.

CAST IRON
COMPOSITION:
2% TO 4% CARBON + IMPURITIES (MANGANESE, PHOSPHORUS, SILICON AND SULPHUR)
MANUFACTURE:
· REMELTING PIG IRON WITH COKE & LIMESTONE INCUPOLA FURNACE

TYPES:
· GREY CAST IRON.
· WHITE CAST IRON.
· MOTTLED CAST IRON.
· CHILLED CAST IRON.
· MALLEABLE CAST IRON.
· TOUHENED CAST IRON.
·
PROPERTIES:
GRANULAR STRUCTURE & CRYSTALLINE WITH WHITISH OR GREYISH TINGE.
CAN BE HARDENED BY HEATING AND SUDDEN COOLING, BUT IT CANNOT BE TEMPERED.
SHRINKS ON COOLING, USED FOR MAKING PATTERNS OR MOULDS FOR FOUNDRY WORK.
CANNOT BE MAGNETISED, DOES NOT RUST EASILY, FUSIBLE, HARD BUT BRITTLE.
NOT DUCTILE, CANNOT ABSORB SHOCKS & IMPACT.
BECOMES SOFT, WHEN PLACED IN SALT WATER.
MELT AT @ 1250OC.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: @ 7.5.
HIGH COMPRESSION STRENGTH. BUT IT IS WEAK IN TENSION.
POSSESSES TENSILE STRENGTH @ 150 N PER mm2 & COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH @ 600 N PER mm2.
LACKS PLASTICITY, HENCE UNSUITABLE FOR FORGING WORK.
CANNOT BE WELDED OR RIVRTED, HENCE BOLTED.

USES:
MAKING CISTERNS, WATER PIPES, GAS PIPES AND SEWERS, MANHOLE COVERS AND SANITARY FITTINGS.
ORNAMENTAL CASTINGS SUCH AS BRACKETS, GATE, LAMPS, POSTS, SPIRAL STAIRCASES, ETC
MANUFACTURING COMPRESSION MEMBERS LIKE COLUMNS & BASES.

WROUGHT IRON
COMPOSITION:
0.15% CARBON

MANUFACTURE:
· REFINING
· PUDDLING
· SHINGLING
· ROLLING
· ASTON’S PROCESS

PROPERTIES:
EASILY FORGED AND WELDED AS IT SOFTENS ON HEATING.
CANNOT BE MAGNETISED PARMANENTLY.
FUSES WITH DIFFICULTY THEREFORE CANNOT ADOPTED FOR MAKING CASTINGS.
FRESH FRACTURES SHOWS CLEAR BLUISH COLOUR WITH A HIGH SILKY LUSTER AND FIBROUS APPEARANCE.
MODERATELY ELASTIC.
UNAFFECTED BY SALINE WATER.
BETTER CORROSION RESISTANCE.
TOUGH, MALLEABLE & DUCTILE.
MELTING POINT 1500OC .
POSSESSES ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH @ 400 N PER mm2 .
POSSESSES ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH @ 200 N PER mm2 .
POSSESSES ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH @ 110 kN PER cm2 .
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: @ 7.8.


USES:
REPLACED AT PRESENT BY EXTENT BY MILD STEEL.
MANUFACTURING BOLTS AND NUTS, HORSE SHOE BARS, HANDRAILS, STRAPS FOR
TIMBER ROOF TRUSSES, BOLIER TUBES, ROOFING SHEETS ETC.

STEEL
MANUFACTURE:
1 BESSEMER PROCESS
2 CEMENTATION PROCESS
3 CRUCIBLE STEEL PROCESS
4 DUPLEX PROCESS
5 ELECTRIC PROCESS
6 L.D. PROCESS
7 OPEN HEARTH PROCESS.

PROPERTIES:
MILD STEEL:
CAN BE MAGNETISED PARMANENTLY.
CAN BE READILY FORGED AND WELDED.
CANNOT BE EASILY ATTACKED BY SALT WATER.
TOUGHER & MORE ELASTIC THAN WROUGHT IRON.
USED FOR ALL TYPES OF STRUCTURAL WORKS.
MALLEABLE & DUCTILE.
MELTING POINT 1400OC .
POSSESSES ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH @ 60 TO 80 kN PER cm2 .
POSSESSES ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH @ 80 TO 120 kN PER cm2 .
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: @ 7.80

HARD STEEL:
EASILY HARDENED & TEMPERED.
GRANULAR STRUCTURE.
CAN BE MAGNETISED PARMANENTLY.
CAN BE READILY FORGED AND WELDED.
CANNOT BE EASILY ATTACKED BY SALT WATER.
TOUGHER & MORE ELASTIC THAN WROUGHT IRON.
USED FOR ALL TYPES OF STRUCTURAL WORKS.
MALLEABLE & DUCTILE.
MELTING POINT 1300OC .
POSSESSES ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH @ 80 TO 110 kN PER cm2 .
POSSESSES ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH @ 140 TO 200 kN PER cm2 .
POSSESSES ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH @ 110 kN PER cm2 .
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: @ 7.90

MARKET FORMS OF STEEL & USES:

1 ANGLE SECTIONS
2 CHANNEL SECTIONS
3 CORRUGATED SHEETS
4 EXPANDED METAl
5 FLAT BARS
6 I-SECTIONS
7 PLATES
8 RIBBED-TORSTEEL BARS
9 ROUND BARS
10 SQUARE BARS
11 T-SECTIONS

1) ANGLE SECTIONS:
· EQUAL ANGLE SECTIONS AVAILABLE IN SIZES VARYING FROM
20 mm x 20 mm x 3 mm TO 200 mm x 200 mm x 25 mm.
THE CORRESPONDING WEIGHT PER METRE LENGTH ARE RESPECTIVELY 9 N AND 736 N.
· UNEQUAL ANGLE SECTIONS ARE AVAILABLE IN SIZES VARYING FROM
30 mm x 20 mm x 3 mm TO 200 mm x 150 mm x 18 mm.
THE CORRESPONDING WEIGHT PER METRE LENGTH ARE RESPECTIVELY 11 N AND 469 N.
· ANGLE SECTIONS ARE EXTENSIVELY USED IN THE STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK ESPECIALLY IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE STEEL ROOF TRUSSES AND FILLER JOIST FLOORS.

(2) CHANNEL SECTIONS:
· A CHANNEL SECTION IS DESIGNATED BY THE HEIGHT OF THE WEB AND THE WIDTH OF THE FLANGE.
· THESE SECTIONS ARE AVAILABLE IN VARYING SIZES FROM 100 mm x 45 mm TO 400 mm x 100 mm
· THE CORRESPONDING WEIGHT PER METRE LENGTH ARE RESPECTIVELY 58 N AND 494 N.
· B.I.S HAS CLASSIFIED CHANNEL SECTIONS AS JUNIOR CHANNEL, LIGHT CHANNEL
AND MEDIUM CHANNEL AND ACCORDINGLY ARE DESIGNATED AS I.S.J.C., I.S.L.C., I.S.M.C. RESPECTIVELY.
· CHANNEL SECTIONS ARE WIDELY USED AS THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
OF THE STEEL FRAMED STRUCTURES.

(3) CORRUGATED SHEETS:
· FORMED BY PASSING STEEL SHEETS THROUGH GROOVES. THESE GROOVES BEND AND PRESS
STEEL SHEETS AND CORRUGATIONS ARE FORMED ON THE SHEETS.
THESE CORRUGATED SHEETS ARE GALVANIZED AND REFERRED AS G.I. SHEETS WIDELY USED FOR ROOF COVERING.

4) EXPANDED METAL:
· THIS FORM OF STEEL IS AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT SHAPES AND SIZES.
· PREPARED FROM THE SHEETS OF MILD STEEL WHICH ARE MACHINE CUT AND DRAWN OUT OR EXPANDED
TO GIVE DIMOND MESH LIKE APPEARANCE.
· EXPANDED METAL IS WIDELY USED FOR REINFORCING CONCRETE IN
FOUNDATIONS, ROADS, FLOORS, BRIDGES ETC. ALSO USED AS LATHING MATERIAL AND FOR PARTITIONS.

(5) FLAT BARS:
· THESE ARE AVAILABLE IN SUITABLE WIDTHS VARYING FROM
10 mm TO 400 mm WITH THICKNESS VARYING FROM 3 mm TO 40 mm.
THEY ARE WIDELY USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEEL GRILLWORK FOR WINDOWS AND GATES.

(6) I-SECTIONS:
· THESE ARE POPULARLY KNOWN AS THE ROLLED STEEL JOISTS OR BEANS. IT CONSISTS OF
TWO FLANGES CONNECTED BY A WEB. IT IS DESIGNATED BY OVERALL DEPTH, WIDTH OF FLANGE
AND WEIGHT PER METRE LENGTH. THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN VARIOUS SIZES
VARYING FROM 75 mm x 50 mm AND 61 N TO 600 mm x 210 mm AT 995 N.
· THE B.I.S HAS CLASSIFIED THE I-SECTIONS INTO JUNIOR BEAMS, LIGHT BEAMS,
MEDIUM BEAMS WIDE FLANGE BEAMS AND HEAVY BEAMS.
· R.S. JOISTS ARE ECONOMICAL IN MATERIAL
AND THEY ARE SUITABLE FOR FLOOR BEAMS, LINTELS, COLUMNS ETC.

(7) PLATES:
· PLATE SECTIONS OF THE STEEL ARE AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT SIZES WITH THICKNESSES
VARYING FROM 5 mm TO 50 mm. THE CORRESPONDING WEIGHT PER SQUARE METRE ARE 392 N AND 3925 N RESPECTIVELY.
· USED TO CONNECT STEEL BEAMS FOR EXTENSION OF THE LENGTH,
TO SERVE AS TENSIONAL MEMBERS OF STEEL ROOF TRUSS AND TO FORM BUILTUP SECTIONS OF STEEL.

(8) RIBBED TOR STEEL BARS:
· DEFORMED HIGH STRENGTH STEEL BARS.
· THEY HAVE RIBBS OR PROJECTIONS ON THEIR SURFACES AND THEY ARE PRODUCED BY CONTROLLED
COLD TWISTING OF HOT ROLLED BARS. EACH BAR IS TO BE TWISTED INDIVIDUALLY AND IT IS TESTED TO
CONFIRM THE STANDARD REQUIREMENTS.
· SIZES VARYING FROM 6 mm TO 50 mm DIAMETER WITH CORRESPONDING WEIGHT PER METRE LENGTH
IS 2.22 N AND 154.10 N
· WIDELY USED AS AN REINFORCEMENT IN THE CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUCH AS BUILDINGS, BRIDGES,
DOCKS AND HARBOUR STRUCTURES, ROADS, IRRIGATION WORKS, PILE FOUNDATIONS, PRE CAST CONCRETE WORKS ETC.

(9) ROUND BARS:
· THESE ARE AVAILABLE IN CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTIONS WITH DIAMETERS
VARYING FROM 5 mm TO 250 mm. THEY ARE WIDELY USED AS REINFORCEMENT IN THE
CONCRETE STRUCTURES. CONSTRCUTION OF THE STEEL GRILL WORK ETC.
· THE COMMONLY USED CROSS SECTIONS HAVE DIAMETERS VARYING FROM
5 mm TO 25 mm WITH THE CORRESPONDING WEIGHTS PER METRE LENGTH AS 1.5 N AND 38 N RESPECTIVELY.

(10) SQUARE BARS:
· AVAILABLE WITH SIDES VARYING FROM 5 mm TO 250 mm THEY ARE WIDELY IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE STEEL
GRILL WORK FOR WINDOWS, GATES ETC.
· THE COMMONLY USED CROSS SECTIONS HAVE SIDES VARYING FROM 5 mm TO 25 mm
WITH THE CORRESPONDING WEIGHTS PER METRE LENGTH AS 2 N AND 49 N RESPECTIVELY.

(11)T SECTIONS:
· AVAILABLE IN THE SIZES VARYING FROM 20 mm x 20 mm x 3 mm TO 150 mm x 150 mm x 10 mm
CORRESPONDING WEIGHT PER METRE LENGTH ARE 9 N AND 228 N RESPECTIVELY.
· WIDELY USED AS MEMBERS OF STEEL ROOF TRUSSES AND TO FORM BUILTUP SECTIONS.

NON-FERROUS METALS

ALUMINIUM


OCCURS IN ABUNDANCE; AVALIABLE IN VAROUS FORMS SUCH AS OXIDES, SULPHATES, SILICATES, PHOSPHATES, ETC.
BUT COMMERTIALLY PRODUCED MAINLY FROM BAUXITE
(Al2O3, 2H2O) WHICH IS HYDRATED OXIDE OF ALUMINIUM.

MANUFACTURE:
BAUXITE IS GROUND & THEN IT IS PURIFIED.
· THEN DISSOLVED IN CRYOLITE (DOUBLE FLUORIDE OF ALUMINIUM & SODIUM; AlF3, 3NaF.)
· SOLUTION IS THEN TAKEN TO AN ELECTRIC FURNACE AND THE ALUMINIUM IS SEPARATED OUT BY ELECTROLYSIS.

PROPERTIES:
VERY GOOD CONDUCTOR OF HEAT & ELECTRICITY.
· SILVERY WHITE METAL WITH BLUISH TINGE AND IF EXHIBITS BRIGHT LUSTRE ON A FRESHLY BROKEN SURFACE.
· NON-MAGNETIC SUBSTANCE.
· RARELY ATTACKED BY NITRIC ACID, ORGANIC ACID OR WATER. HIGHLY RESISTANT TO CORROSION.
· LIGHT IN WEIGHT, MALLEABLE & DUCTILE.
· VERY SOFT.
· MELT AT 600OC AND BOILING POINT 2056OC.
· POSSESSES GREAT TOUGHINESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH.
· READILY DISSOLVES IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID.
· SPECIFIC GRAVITY: @ 2.70.

EVALUATION AS BUILDING MATERIAL:
· AIR TIGHTNESS
· APPEARANCE
· CRYGONIGS (ALUMINIUM IS HIGHLY SUITABLE FOR SUB-ZERO TEMPERATURES
WHERE STRUCTURAL STEEL BECOMES EXTREMELY BRITTLE.)
· EASY IN FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY
· LOW HANDLING & TRANSPORT COST
· HIGH CORROSION RESISTANCE
· HIGH REFLECTIVITY
· HIGH SCRAP VALUE
· HIGH STRENGTH TO WEIGHT RATIO
· NEGLIGIBLE MAINTENANCE COST (UPTO 25 – 30 YEARS)
· EXCELLENT REFLECTOR OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC AND SOUND WAVES,
THEREFORE NOISE CONTROL


FORMS OF ALUMINIUM:
· CASTING BASED
· BALUSTER HEAD
· HARDWARE & FITTINGS
· SECURITY & DECORATIVE GRILLS


· EXTRUSION BASED
· DOOR & WINDOW FRAMES
· FASCIA PANEL & CURTAIN WALL
· GEODESIC DOMES & SPACE GRIDS
· GREEN HOUSES & ROOF TOP GARDENS
· HARDWARE & FITTINGS
· NORTH LIGHT GLAZING FRAMES
· PARTATIONS & SPACE DIVIDERS
· FOIL & POWDER BASED
· DECORATIVE LAMINATE
· INSULATIVE FOILS CONVENIENTLY USED FOR INSULATING AIR CONDITIONING DUCTS IN LARGE
CENTRAL A.C. SYSTEMS
· ALUMINIUM POWDER BASED CORRSION RESISTANT PAINTS
· WATER PROOF SHEET
· SHEET BASED
· ELECTRIC CABLE TRAYS
· PLANER OR FLAT TYPE FALSE CEILINGS
· PREFABRICATED HOUSES
· RAIN WATER HARVEST ARTICLES
· RIDGING & ANGLE OF ROOF
· ROOFING & SIDING

USES:
· REDUCING AGENT IN THE MANUFACTURING OF STEEL
· FOR MAKING ALLOYS, AUTOMOBILE BODIES, ENGINE PARTS AND SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
· CASTING OF STEEL
· MANUFACTURING OF ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS
· MANUFACTURING OF PAINTS

COBALT


MANUFACTURE:
ORES (ARSENIDE & SULPHARSNIDE) ARE PURIFIED & FUSED WITH LIMESTONE OR SAND
IN BLAST FURNACE TO GIVE IMPURE OXIDE OF COBALT.

PROPERTIES:
IF RED HOT, CAN DECOMPOSE STEAM.
· IN FINELY GROUND POWDER FORM, IT MAY ABSORB HYDROGEN TO THE EXTENT OF ABOUT 150 TIMES ITS VOLUME.
· LUSTEROUS WHITE METAL.
· MAGNETIC (UPTO 1100OC)
· MALLEABLE & DUCTILE.
· NOT AFFECTED BY ATMOSPHERE AT ORDINARY TEMP.
· MELT AT 1480OC AND BOILING POINT 2900OC.
· NOT ATTACKED BY ALKALIES
· SPECIFIC GRAVITY: @ 8.90

USES:
· PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ALLOY STEEL
· CERAMIC PRODUCTS
· T.V. ARTICLES
· BASIS OF ALL BLUE COLORS USED IN GLASS & PORCELAIN MANUFACTURE.

COPPER
ORES:
CUPRITE OR RED OXIDE OF COPPER (Cu2O) – 88%
· COPPER GLANCE (Cu2S) – 80%
· COPPER PYRITES (CuFeS2) – 35%
· MALACHITE OR GREEN CARBONATE OF COPPER (CuCo3, Cu (OH) 2) – 56%
· AZURITE OR BLUE MALACHITE (2CuCo3, Cu (OH) 2) – 55%


MANUFACTURE:
ORES (USUALLY PYRITES) ARE CLEANED & CRUSHED & THEY ARE THEN CALCINED IN A REVEBERATORT FURNACE.
MIXED WITH SILICA & SMALL QTY. OF COKE & SMELTED IN BLAST FURNACE.
OXIDISED IN BESSEMER CONVERTER TO BLISTER COPPER.
IMPURITIES REMOVED BY MELTING IN REVEBERATORT FURNACE IN PRESENCE OF AIR.
SLAG IS REMOVED AND PURE COPPER TO THE EXTENT OF ABOUT 99.70 % IS OBTAINED.
PURE COPPER IS OBTAINED BY PROCESS OF ELECTROLYSIS.

PROPERTIES:
· VERY GOOD CONDUCTOR OF HEAT & ELECTRICITY.
· BECOMES BRITTLE JUST BELOW ITS MELTING POINT.
· CAN BE WORKED IN COLD OR HOT CONDITION, CANNOT BE WELDED.
· PECULIAR REDDISH BROWN COLOUR.
· ATTACKED BY STEAM AT WHITE HEAT.
· NOT ATTACKED BY DRY AIR, BUT MOIST AIR GIVES A GREEN COATING TO THE COPPER SURFACE.
· MALLEABLE & DUCTILE & EXTREMELY SOFT.
· MELT AT 1083OC AND BOILING POINT 2300OC.
· NOT ATTACKED BY WATER AT ANY TEMP.
· SPECIFIC GRAVITY: @ 8.92

USES:
· MARKET FORMS OF COPPER ARE INGOTS, SHEETS, TUBES AND WIRES.
· EXTENSIVELY USED FOR MAKING ELECTRIC CABLES, ALLOYS HOUSEHOLD UTENSILES, ELECTROPLATING,
LIGHTINING CONDUCTORS, AND DOWELS IN STONE MASONRY ETC.
· MANUFACTURE ALLOYS OF BRASS & BRONZE.

LEAD
ORES:
CAIENA (PbS) – 84% LEAD & 14% SULPHUR
· ANGLESITE - 68%
· BOURNONITE – 40%
· CERUSSITE – 77%
· MIMETESITE – 75%
· PYROMORPHITE – 75%


MANUFACTURE:
ORES ARE GROUNDED & SEIVED. IMPURITIES ARE SEGREGATED AS FAR AS PRACTICIBLE &
FURTFER FLOTATION MACHINE IS USED.
· COKE & METALLIC IRON ARE ADDED TO THE ORES.
· MIXTURE BY SMELTING IN BLAST FURNACE.
IMPURE LEAD IS OBTAINED WHICH IS FURTTHER PURIFIED IN REVEBERATORT FURNACE.

PROPERTIES:
· CAN BE CUT WITH A KNIFE.
· MAKES IMPRESSIONS ON PAPER.
· LUSTEROUS METAL WITH BLUISH GREY COLOUR.
· CONVERTED INTO LITHARGE, WHEN HEATED STRONGLY IN PRESENCE OF OXYGEN.
· NOT ATTACKED BY DRY AIR, BUT MOIST AIR TAKES AWAY ITS BRIGHT METALLIC LUSTRE & A
DARK PROTECTIVE FILM IS PRODUCED ON THE SURFACE OF METAL.
· POSSES LITTLE TENACITY.
· READILY DISSOLVES IN DILUTE NITRIC ACID.
· EXTREMELY SOFT, PLASTIC & ALMOST DEVOID OF ELASTICITY.
· MELT AT 327.5OC AND BOILING POINT 1620OC.
· SPECIFIC GRAVITY: @ 11.36
USES:
· SHOTS, BULLETS, ALLOYS, STORAGE CELLS, SANITARY FITTINGS, CISTERNS, WATER PROOF COURSES,
CABLE COVERINGS, PREPARATION OF LEAD OXIDES FOR PAINTS, ETC

MAGNESIUM
ORES:
MAGENESITE (MgCO3)
DOLOMTE (Ca3 CO3, MgCO3)
KIESERITE (MgSO4, H2O)
CARNALLITE (MgCl2, KCl, 6H2O)


MANUFACTURE:
SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION, ANHYDROUS MAGNESIUM CHLORITE IS HEATED WITH SODIUM IN PRESENCE OF COAL GAS.
· LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION, ELECTROLYSIS OF FUSED CARNALLITE.

PROPERTIES:
· BURNS WHEN HEATED IN AIR WITH A DAZZLING BLUISH WHITE LIGHT EXTREMELY RICH IN U.V. RAYS.
· CARRIES AWAY HEAT EASILY.
· FORM OF FINELY DIVIDED PARTICLES, IT BURNS READILY AND EASILY.
· IF STRONGLY HEATED, CAN DECOMPOSE STEAM.
· SILVER WHITE METAL POSSESSING A HIGH LUSTRE.
· NOT AFFECTED BY ALKALIES.
· MALLEABLE & DUCTILE.
· MELT AT 651OC AND BOILING POINT 1110OC.
· THERMAL COFFICIENT IS HIGH.

USES:
· PHOTOGRAPHY, FIRE WORKS, SIGNALLING PAINTS, WHITENING PAPER PULP, ETC.
· CANNOT BE USED IN STRUCTURAL PARTS, REFRACTORY MATERIAL IN THE FORM OF
MAGNESIA BRICKS FOR THE LINING OF STEEL AND ELECTRIC FURNACES.
USED AS CEMENTING MATERIAL FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL STONE, PLASTER, TILES, ETC

NICKEL



MANUFACTURE:
· ORES ARE SMELTED IN BLAST FURNACE ALONG WITH LIMESTONE, QUARTZ AND COKE AND ELECTROLIYSED.

PROPERTIES:
IF RED HOT, CAN DECOMPOSE STEAM.
· IN FINELY GROUND POWDER FORM, IT MAY ABSORB HYDROGEN TO THE EXTENT OF ABOUT 17 TIMES ITS VOLUME.
· GREYISH WHITE LUSTEROUS METAL.
· CAPABLE OF TAKING HIGH POLISH AND CAN BE WELDED.
· FAIRLY RESISTANT TO THE ACTIONS OF ATMOSPHERE AND IT BECOMES DULL AFTER ALONG TIME.
· NOT AFFECTED BY FUSED ALKALIES.
· HARD, MALLEABLE & MAGNETIC.
· RESISTANCE TO CORROSION IS HIGH.
· RANKS BELOW IRON IN ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY.
· MELT AT 1452OC AND BOILING POINT 2900OC.
· SPECIFIC GRAVITY: @ 8.90

· USES:
· WIDELY USED AS ACOATING FOR OTHER METALS AND FOR THE PREPARATIONS OF ALLOY LIKE GERMAN SILVER, NICKEL STEELS ETC.
· MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICAL APPRATUS CRUCIBLE, ELECTORPLATING PARTS OF MACHINE, DOMESTIC UTENSILS ETC

TIN

MANUFACTURE:
ORES ARE CALCINED AND SMELTED IN BLAST FURNACE ALONG WITH ANTHRACITE COAL AND SAND & REFINED IN REVEBERATORT FURNACE.

PROPERTIES:
CRACKING NOISE IS DUE TO INTERNAL FRICTION OF CRYSTAL SURFACES ON BENDING.
· BECOMES BRITTLE WHEN HEATED TO A TEMP. OF ABOUT 200OC
· WHITE LUSTEROUS METAL.
· DISSOLVES IN HCl WITH EVOLUTION OF HYDROGEN.
· FAIRLY RESISTANT TO THE ACTIONS OF ATMOSPHERE AND IT BECOMES DULL AFTER ALONG TIME.
· NOT AFFECTED BY DRY AIR & PURE WATER.
· SOFT & MALLEABLE.
· RESISTANCE TO CORROSION DUE TO ACIDS IS HIGH.
· MELT AT 231.5OC AND BOILING POINT 2260OC.
· SPECIFIC GRAVITY: @ 7.31

USES:
· RARELY USED ALONE, USED FOR PLATING, LINING, LEAD PIPES AND FOR THE PREPARATION OF ALLOYS AND SOLDER.
· MAKING EVAPORATING BASINS, INFUSION POTS, ETC. PROTECTIVE COATINGS TO COPPER AND IRON UTENSILS.
CANNING, TIN FOILS, SILVERING MIRRORS, PACKING FOOD ETC

ZINC
ORES:
ZINCITE OR RED ZINC ZnO
FRANKLINITE ZnO, Fe2O3
· CALAMINE OR ZINC COPPER ZnCO3
· ZINC BLENDE ZnS (CHIEH SOURCE) 50%-65%


MANUFACTURE:
ZINC ORE IS HEATED IN AH ELECTRIC FURNACE TO REMOVE ALL VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS PRESENT
N THE ORE. THE ZINC IS LIBRATED IN THE FORM OF VAPOUR. THIS IS THEN CONDENSED TO GET THE METALLIC ZINC.

PROPERTIES:
BURNS WITH A GREENISH FLAMES WHEN STRONGLY HEATED IN AIR.
MAY BE DRAWN INTO WIRES AND ROLLED INTO SHEETS BETWEEN TEMP. RANGE OF 100OC TO 150OC
· BLUISH WHITE METAL
· BRITTLE AT ORDINARY TEMP.
· VERY GOOD CONDUCTOR OF HEAT & ELECTRICITY.
· IN CONTACT OF IRON, COPPER, OR LEAD IN PRESENCE OF MOISTURE THE GALVANIC
ACTIONSTARTS AND THE ZINC IS QUICLY DESTROYED.
· SHOULD BE KEPT CLEAR OF LIME AND CALCAREOUS SUBSTANCES
· HARMFULLY ATTACKED AND ULTIMATELY DESTROYED BY ACID, HOT WATER AND SEA WATER.
· NOT AFFECTED BY DRY AIR & PURE WATER.
· RESISTANCE TO CORROSION.
· MELT AT 419.4OC AND BOILING POINT 907OC.
· SPECIFIC GRAVITY: @ 7.14

USES:
· ELECTRIC CELL, GALVANIZING, PREPARATION OF ALLOY, PAINT,ETC.
· PROTECTIVE COVERING OR COAT TO IRON WORKS, PLAIN AND CORRUGATED SHEETS, IRON VESSELS ETC.