Italian in origin and concept, futurism was first theorized by Filippo Tomaso Marinetti in a manifesto published on 20 February 1909 in the French daily Le Figaro. Futurism soon became a movement central to the process of radical artistic renovation carried out by the European avant-garde. It dealt both with cultural debates specific to Italian art of the first two decades of the 20th century and with crucial discourses of the European artistic Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture 904 revival in general. While affecting primarily the arts in the more restrictive sense of the term—under the influence of Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Gino Severini, and Mario Chiattone—its most notable representatives in Italian architecture were Giacomo Balla and Antonio Sant’Elia but also, in various degrees, such architects as Adalberto Libera and Angiolo Mazzoni, among others. The close collaboration between futurist artists and architects is evidenced by the fact that the first and...