As the traditional college evolved into the modern university at the dawn of the 20th century, campus planning reached a new complexity. For more than 200 years, college campuses reflected the colonial models of Harvard College (1636), the College of William and Mary (1693), and Yale College (1717), the latter of which began as a few buildings with grass lawns. The evolution from simplicity to complexity saw varied interpretations of Gothic, medieval, and Georgian institutional architecture as the symbolism of higher learning grew more grandiose, corresponding with the growth and purpose of education in the nation. A new awareness of the importance of scientific scholarship and rationalism changed the function and scope of education. Disregarding tradition, colleges became more specialized, emulating English and German models of the university that combined colleges. Johns Hopkins University (1867), for example, located its first campus in plain buildings on Baltimore’s city streets, d...