Architect, Austria Josef Frank was among the leading Austrian representatives of the Modern movement. He was a founding member of the Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM), and, as vice president of the Austrian Werkbund, he oversaw the planning and construction of the 1932 Vienna Werkbundsiedlung. In the early 1930s, however, Frank emerged as one of the most important and vocal critics of what he saw as the totalitarian orthodoxy within the various strands of modernism. For the remainder of his life, until he stopped practicing in the early 1960s, he sought alternatives to what he perceived as the banality and uniformity of much of the building of his time. Frank studied architecture with Carl König, Max Fabiani, and others at the Vienna Technische Hochschule, graduating in 1910 with a dissertation on the churches of Leon Battista Alberti. While still a student, he flirted briefly with the Art Nouveau (Jugendstil), but he soon abandoned the style in favor of the renewed...