ARCHITECTURAL WORLD

ENVIRINMENT THE MUGHALS WERE MAINLY CONCERNED WITH TWO AREAS AGRA & DELHI. THE CLIMATE IS TROPICAL WITH MONSOON FROM JUNE TO SEPTEMBER &INTENSE HEAT FROM MARCH TO JUNE. THE NATURAL LANDSCAPE IS FLAT, JUNGLES, & FEATURELESSEXCEPT FOR RIVERS. GARDENS WERE AN INTEGRAL PART OF MUGHAL LIFE. THE MUGHAL COURT BEING CONSTANTLY ON THE MOVE, GARDEN PALACES AND GARDENS WITHIN FORT COMPLEXES WERE HIGHLY APPRECIATED AS PLACES OF RELAXATION AND AS SETTINGS FOR COURT CEREMONIAL. LANDSCAPE FOR THE MUGHALS GARDENS WERE LIKE A GLIMPSE OF HEAVEN AND THEY DREW INSPIRATION FROM THE QURAN, MODIFYING AND ADAPTING ESTABLISHED DESIGNS TO SHAPE THEIR PARADISE ON EARTH. A MUGHAL GARDEN OR CHARBAGH WAS A PERFECTLY BALANCED FORMAL COMPOSITION OF SPACE, VEGETATION AND ARCHITECTURE, TEXTURE AND COLOUR, LIGHT AND SHADE, DESIGNED TO ADDRESS AND DELIGHT ALL THE SENSES. WHILE THE GEOMETRY THEMSELVES REMAINED TRADITIONAL TO THE CONCEPTION OF THE BROADER LANDSCAPE WAS BOTH ORIGINAL &ON GRAND SCALE....

The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century ushered in new technologies. Some of these inventions involved use of natural resources like coal and oil. The thought of exhaustible nature of these resources and the environmental damage from the use of these resources never occurred either to the inventors or the subsequent generations. In the quest to sustain galloping economic activity, the dependence on coal and oil has soared at a phenomenal rate over the years. The burnt fuels result in the release of carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere causing environmental damage. It has become imperative to look at energy technology with a new perspective. If we stop using electricity produced by coal & other conventional energy resources, the production will automatically stop. Therefore, it is necessary to start from the domestic level. The types of resources that can be used are- Solar energy Vermiculture Biogas Biomass Wind turbines Hydel energy Since most renewable energy ...

ENGLISH LANDSCAPES: ENGLAND WAS THE LAND OF SOFT UNDULATIONS, LUSH MEADOWS , GREEN GRASS AND LUXURIENT TREES. BEFORE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, THE ENGLISH DIDN’T HAVE A NATIONAL STYLE OF GARDENING. ENGLISH GARDENS TENDEND TO FOLLOW FRENCH & DUTCH FASHIONS.DURING THE LATTER HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY,ENGLISH LANDSCAPE GARDENS WERE FORMAL AS ALMOST ALL EUROPEANGARDENS. THE DESIRE FOR MORE “NATURAL” GARDENS WAS EXPRESSED BY WRITERS BEFORE IT WAS ATTEMPTED BY GARDEN DESIGNERS. THE VISUAL LOOK OF THE ENGLISH GARDENS WAS MAINLY INSPIRED BY EUROPEAN LANDSCAPE PAINTINGS. THE ENGLISH LANDSCAPE STYLE WAS DOINATED BY THREE DESIGNERS: WILLIAM KENT, LANCELOT BROWN & HUMPHREY REPTON. SALIENT FEATURES OF ENGLISH LANDSCAPES: GRAND AVENUES THE PRINCIPAL PATHS WERE BROAD AND STRAIGHT,BUT BETWEEN THE PRINCIPAL WALKS WERE NARROW PATHS WINDING THROUGH THE WOODS IN A MORE “NATURAL” MANNER. USE OF CASCADES &FOUNTAINS. ENGLISH LANDSCAPES WERE PICTURESQUE & FULL OF CONFOUNDS AND SURPRISES....

INTRODUCTION: -A large proportion of the countryside as well as the majority of urban areas in Bangladesh is flood-prone. During heavy flood, more than 60% of the land is inundated. -Recent floods in 2004 has destroyed many houses and about 1 million people became homeless. To a large extent, the patterns and causes of destruction seem to result from poor technical knowledge and wrong perceptions. 1 Technocrats do not adequately support housing projects for low-income, flood-vulnerable communities undertaken by NGOs and the government, and houses are mostly owner-built without proper technical guidance. 1 One of the AUDMP findings of post disaster losses of the housing stock in Bangladesh after 2004 floods is that most of these designs are prepared by people who are not trained as building professionals, so when implemented, many problems emerge. 1 The usual tendency is to apply the same model irrespective of context - for example, the same house design is built on highland and low-lyi...

THERMAL MASS: WALLS & FLOORS Thermal mass surfaces should be large enough to store adequate heat & cold. There are three basic approaches to sizing the area & thickness of thermal mass. The first is appropriate for storage system like trombe walls, roof ponds & sun spaces, where the collection area equals the surface area of the mass storage and the thickness is the primary consideration. The second is more appropriate for direct gain, where both mass surface area and thickness is the primary consideration. The second is more appropriate for direct gain, where both mass surface area and thickness are variable. Because the storage mass is in the inhabited space in direct gain schemes, air and mass temperatures can not be allowed to get too high or too low, so this system depends on the larger transfer areas afforded by relatively thin masonry walls. The third approach is when water is used for storage, where sizing is based on volume and the surface areas can be smaller,...

BIOGRAPHY Frank Lloyd Wright was born as Frank Lincoln Wright in southwestern Wisconsin, USA, on June 8, 1867. His father, William Carey Wright, was a musician and a preacher. His mother, Anna Lloyd-Jones was a teacher. It is said that Anna Lloyd-Jones placed pictures of great buildings in young Frank's nursery as part of training him up from the earliest possible moment as an architect. Wright briefly studied civil engineering at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, after which he moved to Chicago to work for a year in the architectural firm of J. Lyman Silsbee. In 1887, he was hired as a draftsman in the firm of Adler and Sullivan. At the time the firm was designing Chicago's Auditorium Building. Wright eventually became the chief draftsman, and also the man in charge of the firm's residential designs. Under Sullivan, Wright began to develop his own architectural ideas. Wright started his own firm in 1893 after being fired from Adler and Sullivan, first working out of...