Licensure of architects began around the turn of the 20th century as a means of enforcing higher professional standards. At the turn of the century, architects could prepare for the licensing exam by a variety of different educational and training experi ences; a few schools existed for students with the financial means necessary to pursue a full-time education. Students lacking this economic freedom could learn by working in architecture firms, perhaps supplementing office training with evening studies. The traditional system of apprenticeship decreased as formal education became recognized as an important characteristic of the profession, and by the end of the 20th century, the educational requirement for licensure has become nearly universal. Professional regulation varies from country to country and, within the United States, from state to state. Elements of preparation for practice presently include education, internship, demonstration of competence by examination, and continuing ...