As the 19th century drew to a close and the 20th began, Victorian ideals and the domestic architecture that embodied them were coming under increased scrutiny. Beginning in the 1880s, the Arts and Crafts movement and its bungalows would transform the landscape of American domestic architecture and serve as a transitional housing form in the years prior to World War II. Between 1900 and 1930, the bungalow was the most widespread housing type in the country, from city to suburb. Bungalows responded to a constellation of sociocultural forces and economic necessities, particularly to the Progressive Era philosophy of the Arts and Crafts movement. As the cost of previously unavailable household technologies such as indoor plumbing and electricity increased, the size of American homes was reduced to compensate for these expenses (which could add between 25 and 40 percent to a home’s cost). At the same time, “simplicity” became a watchword of the Arts and Crafts movement, which was taking sha...